Donakonda -

[TheBrahmabull]

DB musugu cheddys - jalagans . Donakonda meeda oka Article submitted to UN i guess.. Akkada kanisam tagataniki nellu levu.. akkada state capital anta..

Paishachika aanandam lo DB musugus ..

 

https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/22/Krrishn.pdf

[TheBrahmabull]

F WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY: KRRISHNAMOHAN and MUTHUKRISHNAN27322nd WEDC Conference: Discussion paperNew Delhi, India, 1996Fluoride pollution of ground waterK. Krrishnamohan and N. Muthukrishnan, IndiaREACHING THE UNREACHED: CHALLENGES FOR THE 21ST CENTURYANOCCASIONALDRONE of an aircraft flying high over-head is heard over Tummedalapadu. A sleepy hamletcomprising 70 families, Tummedalapadu is situated about100 kms from Ongole and 12 kms from Donakonda DarsiMandal, in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. One ofits inhabitants, R. Reddy — a male aged 50, cannot see theaircraft : not because he is blind but because he is bedrid-den and his legs are tied to the cot to prevent them frombeing pulled backwards due to muscular contraction. Hesuffers from joint pains as well, and cannot bend his neckand fingers either due to stiffness. R. Reddy has beenbedridden for the last 10 years.There are several others with varying degrees of afflic-tion ranging from body pain, loss of sensation or numb-ness to brownish yellow staining of teeth. As these symp-toms were similar to that of “Skeletal and DentalFluorosis”, it was decided to undertake an extensivesurvey of ground water in the three Mandals viz.,Donakonda, Kurichedu and Darsi.FluorineFluorine is the most electronegative element in the peri-odic table, and was being used as early as the 18thcentury. Fluorine is found in the soil and the content offluorine in the lithosphere varies between 100 and 1500 g/ton. Fluorine is found in greater abundance than chlorine,copper or lead. (Nikolaev et. al., 1972).The majority of fluorine found in nature is present invarious rocks, soils, waters, plants, other living organ-isms, slags and fluxes. Volcanic gases which get accumu-lated on the earth along with the atmospheric precipita-tion invariably contain hydrogen fluoride. The atmos-phere contains very small amounts of fluorine.However the content of fluorine is high in industrialareas, especially near aluminium plants and near facto-ries manufacturing super phosphate fertilizers. The mag-matic gases contain 95 per cent steam and may containvery small quantities of fluorine.Properties of fluorineFluorine is a halogen and is the first element among thehalogen family, the others being chlorine, bromine, io-dine and astatine. By virtue of its position fluorine in thefree state is more reactive than the other elements. Itdisplaces other halogens from their compounds and alsodisplaces oxygen from most oxides, salts and acids. Thusfluorine acts as an electron acceptor resulting in theformation of fluorides. As fluorine is very reactive it isfound in both living and non living matter. (Nikolaev et.al., 1972).Biological effects of fluorideFluoride is essential in small quantities for the preventionof dental caries especially in children. Therefore, it is acommon practice to add very low concentrations offlouride to tooth pastes and drinking water (less than1ppm) at places where there is a natural deficiency offlourides.Skeletal and dental fluorosisSkeletal fluorosis, which has a crippling effect on theindividual, occurs due to the deposition of fluoride in thebones.The most sensitive effect, “tooth paste mottling”,occurs at very low concentrations of 0.8 ppm to 1.6 ppm.Skeletal fluorosis occurs if 2 to 80 ppm of fluoride isingested daily for a period of more than 10 years. (Casarett& Doull, 1986).Storage in bonesFluoride gets deposited in the bones, and so do lead (Pb)and strontium (St). The deposition on the bones is due tothe surface chemistry of the bones where an exchangetakes place between the surface of the bone and the fluidwhich is in contact with the bone. The “Hydroxyaptite”crystals in the bone are mainly involved in this exchange.The fluoride (F-) ions have a similar charge when com-pared to the hydroxyl ions (OH-) and therefore replacethe OH- of the hydroxyaptite crystals and thus get depos-ited in the bone. (Casarett & Doull, 1986).SurveyA survey of the ground water in 3 Mandals of PrakasamDistrict in Andhra Pradesh was undertaken on 13th July,1995 and 14th July, 1995. The three Mandals coveredduring the survey are:• Darsi• Donakonda• KuricheduThe survey was undertaken as result of a village meet-ing organised by a local Non-Governmental Organisa-tion (NGO). At the meeting ( which one of the authorsattended), the villagers complained of symptoms typicalof skeletal and dental fluorosis.A total of 16 villages were surveyed in the three Mandalsand 63 samples were collected from open wells, borewells

 

F WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY: KRRISHNAMOHAN and MUTHUKRISHNAN274and from overhead and ground level reservoirs whichwere being used by the villagers. Along with the samplecollection,the villagers from whose villages water sam-ples were being collected were interviewed simultane-ously about the effects of consuming the ground water.The signs and symptoms as described by the villagershave been summarised in a table which is available withthe authors. Body pain and pain in the knees appeared tobe common symptoms.The 12 parameters that were analysed including fluo-ride in the water samples were : Colour, Odour, Turbid-ity, pH, Conductivity, Total hardness, Total DissolvedSolids (TDS), Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sul-phate.MethodologyThe parameters mentioned above were analysed as perthe procedure mentioned in the “Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Waste water", AmericanPublic Health Association (17th Edition). The Fluoridecontent in the ground water samples was determined bythe “SPADNS” colorimetric method, as prescribed by theAPHS Standards.DiscussionChemical parameters• 92 per cent of the ground water samples had fluorideconcentrations above the desirable limit of 1 ppm.• The abstract of the analysis for different samplesshowing the concentrations of fluoride is given be-low:-• The concentration of fluoride in the borewells variedfrom a minimum of 1.30 ppm to a maximum of 7.80ppm.• The concentration of fluoride in the wells varied froma minimum of 0.70 ppm to a maximum of 7.20 ppm.However, it could be inferred that the maximumflouride is found in the samples collected fromborewells than from wells. A graph which gives acomparision between the concentration of flouride inthe water taken from borewells and wells is availablewith the authors.• 7.9 per cent (5 samples) of the samples showed flouridebelow 1 ppm.• 11.1 per cent (7 samples) of the samples showedflouride between 1-2 ppm.• 81 per cent (51 samples) of the samples showed flourideabove 2 ppm.The pH of the water samples from the borewells andwells varied between 7.15 and 8.17 which is more or lessneutral and within the drinking water specification of 6.5to 8.5 (IS 10500 : 1991).It was also found that the concentration of magnesiumis higher than that of calcium in most of the water samplesirrespective of whether they were collected from wells orborewells. Further, it was found that the concentration ofMg is high in samples containing higher concentration offluoride. This may be due to the higher solubility ofmagnesium fluoride (87 mg/litre at 18 deg C) than cal-cium flouride (15mg/litre at 18 deg. C) in water.(Merckindex, 1989).Signs and symptomsMost of the people who exhibited symptoms of fluorosishad been residing in the village from their childhood.Similarly, children who exhibited dental fluorosis wereborn in the village.Of the 16 villages surveyed, people complained of bodypain, back pain in 81 per cent (13) of the villages surveyed.People complained of knee pain in 31 per cent (5) of thevillages surveyed and in 50 per cent (8) of the villagessurveyed. Numbness, itching, laziness, premature age-ing, cold and cough were the other not so commoncomplaints during the survey.When correlated with the analysis reports, the healthcomplaints from the survey indicated that the most com-mon complaints viz., body pain, knee pain and back painwere prevalent among people who consumed water con-taining fluoride at concentrations of 1.10 ppm which isslightly higher than the desirable limit of 1 ppm (IS 10500: 1991). This may be due to the chronic toxicity effect offluoride.ConclusionThe signs and symptoms exhibited by the villagers indi-cates clearly that they are suffering from skeletal/dentalfluorosis.Since there are no industries in the vicinity of thesevillages, the flourid

[jobseeker1]

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

[idibezwada]

12 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

lol..avna..enni villages munigai?..last time eppudu munigai?

[RunRaajaRun123]

18 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

Ee lekkana hud hud vachindani vizag lo steel plant and other industries paaripoyaara.

[TheBrahmabull]

25 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

arey babu - continue to live in alternate sakshit life.. Look at this how YCHEP guys are morphing and can stoop to such a low level..

 

[TheBrahmabull]

25 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

Do you know how many villages in CRDA region has affected ? naa louda lodi chinna chinuku padithey Hyderabad piyyi piyyi aithadi.. hottakaya gallu edi padithey adi nammatamm..   Get a clue idiot

[TheBrahmabull]

1 minute ago, TheBrahmabull said:

arey babu - continue to live in alternate sakshit life.. Look at this how YCHEP guys are morphing and can stoop to such a low level..

 

yee story ni padithey aa story ni allatam - gajji makkede gallaki alavatu ayyindi.. poor lady became Nalini Chidambaram

[AndhraneedSCS]

29 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

ika cheppamante NewYork, Mumbai lu kuda kali cheyyamane la unnavu ga 

[TheBrahmabull]

@jobseeker1

 

Adhyaksha Asalu capitalcity ekkada vundali Adhyaksha

Donakonda lo mahametha koduku konna bhumullo vundali

Evaru chepparu Adhyaksha - mahametha aaroju 2007 lone cheppadu

chudndi Adhyaksha  proof

[tom bhayya]

29 minutes ago, idibezwada said:

lol..avna..enni villages munigai?..last time eppudu munigai?

Lanka graamalu core capital lo unnayi munigipoyaayi so Amaravati not fit

[TheBrahmabull]

1 minute ago, tom bhayya said:

Lanka graamalu core capital lo unnayi munigipoyaayi so Amaravati not fit

ante endo telusaa ? - Can you name how many of them are in CRDA region ?

[timmy]

45 minutes ago, jobseeker1 said:

Floods lo munigopoye capital kanna much better

floods came to old amaravati anukunta not the place where the new capital is constructed correct me if i am wrong 

[idibezwada]

3 minutes ago, tom bhayya said:

Lanka graamalu core capital lo unnayi munigipoyaayi so Amaravati not fit

lankalu antene river madhyalo untai kada uncle..river madhyalo capital ekkada undi...ee basic common sense undadu maa jaffaski..water leka states kotukuntunte eediki water leni chota capital kavalanta..lol

[vatchesa]

19 minutes ago, TheBrahmabull said:

yee story ni padithey aa story ni allatam - gajji makkede gallaki alavatu ayyindi.. poor lady became Nalini Chidambaram

Maku gajji untadi, kani pakkana valani gajji anali, ade art