Indians in The United States of America

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The Three Waves

The 3 million individuals of Indian origin who currently reside in the United States (roughly 1 percent of the total population) arrived in three distinct periods, Kapur said. The “early movers” came in the wake of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which replaced a national-origins quota system that governed immigration in the United States with a preference based on skills and family relationships. The 12,000 or so India-born immigrants a year arriving in this group were unusually well educated, with numbers favoring doctors, engineers and scientists.

Phase two of Indian immigration, dating from the early 1980s, was the “family” cohort, when some 30,000 relatives a year of those who had settled in the States came in.

About two-thirds of India-born Americans have arrived in the ongoing third wave, or what Kapur and his co-authors dubbed “the IT generation.” The influx of as many as 100,000 computer specialists a year from India began with concerns over Y2K in the mid 1990s, as American companies sought to revamp their systems to avoid “millennial meltdown” when computers programmed with a two-digit date code would have to cope with the dates of the 21st century. Approximately one out of every three visas issued to India-born immigrants goes to residents of the high-tech Hyderabad area, far more than to individuals from Bombay or Delhi, for example.

A central thesis of the book argues that how immigrants come to the United States matters in determining their eventual success. Most recent Indian immigrants arrived on the so-called H-1B visa program, granted to specialized new hires who have already secured jobs and hold a minimum of a bachelor’s degree. The visa, which can be extended for up to six years, indicates that the holder will graduate to immigrant status. (Kapur estimated that 90 percent of India-born immigrants have stayed in the United States as permanent residents.) From 1997 to 2013, according to the book, fully half of the 125,000 H-1B visas issued went to Indians. “The rest of the world got the other half.”

Arriving with jobs and steady sources of income, Indians skipped the “ghetto stage” common to most immigrant stories, when newcomers settle in urban enclaves with other home-country refugees. Instead, the India-influx located close to their jobs, living in middle-class or pricier neighborhoods in techy communities, such as the New York-New-Jersey area, Chicago and Washington, D.C. suburbs, and the outskirts of San Francisco and Dallas. Almost without exception, they started families and primed their children to receive similar levels of educational achievement.